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Nannofossils
Calcareous nannofossils [usually smaller than 35μm] include calcite-secreting haptophytes (Coccolithophores) and associated nannoliths (Discoasters, Nannoconids, Schizosphaerellids, Pithonellids etc.).
Nannoliths may or may not be related to haptophytes (Coccolithophores).
Cocolith coccosphere Salisia ovata
Nannolith Discoaster kuepperi
The present day living organisms of the Cocolithophores are marine, unicellular, flagellate phytoplankton, belonging to the phylum Haptophyta
and division Class Prymnesiophyceae.
The presence of coccoliths in the Coccolithophore cell is the most important feature.
Haptophytes display an alternation of two distinct cycles in their life history, named a dimorphic life cycle. During their motile phase they possess the haptonema, whereas during the alternating, non-motile phase they lack a haptonema.
The cell normally secretes coccoliths with heterococcolith morphologies in the non-motile phase. In the motile phase it is "naked" or bears coccoliths with holococcolith morphologies. Structurally, heterococcoliths are more complexly constructed than holococcoliths.
The more complex heterococcoliths are formed internally during non-motile phase and secreted out to form a coccosphere which externally cover the entire coccolith. In the heterococcoliths, the crystal outline modified and the shapes more delicately molded. The crystal edges and faces may still be observed in the SEM. The placoliths [heterococcolith in structure], have two shields and a tube cycles begin calcification as a narrow ring which amalgamated into the tube cycle and then spreads laterally at the peripheries to form the two shield.
Rhabdolith Rhabdosphaera clavigera
Lopadoliths Scyphosphaera pulcherrima
Placolith Coccolithus palegicus
Helicolith Helicosphaera intermedia
Scapholith Scapholithus fossilis
Caneolith Syracosphaera pulchra
Crycolith Discosphaera tubifera
Cryptonannoplankton morphologies
Composed of one or very few crystals and initially thought to be nannoliths but latter proved to be heterococcoliths.
Ceratoliths Amaerolithus delicatus
Pentaliths Pemma basquense
Nannolith morphologies:
Polycyclolith Micula decussata
Scampanellid Scampanella sp.
Lithostromalith Lithostromation perdurum
Triquetrorhabdolith Triqeutrorhabdulus rioi
Asteroliths Discoaster surculus
Sphenolith Sphenolithus belemnos
Sphenolith Sphenolithus abies
Sphenolith Sphenolithus editus
Calcareous dinoflagellate morphologies:
Prismatoliths Thoracosphaera heimii
Prismatoliths Leonella granifera
Prismatoliths Pernambugia tuberosa
Asidian spicule morphologies:
Bonetia Bonetia truncata
Micrascidites Micrascidites vulgaris
Rigaudia Rigaudia multiradiata
Monniotia Monniotia fasciculata
Brief Geological History of Nannofossils
Nannofossils first appeared in the Late Triassic; apparently confined to low latitudes. They flourished in all marine environments during the Jurassic and Cretaceous and attained their maximum diversity peak during the Late Cretaceous. Nannofossils had a mass extinction at the Cretaceous/Tertiary boundary, whenover 90% of species became extinct. During the Early Paleocene, nannofossils re-established rapidly and they reached another maximum peak in the Lower Eocene, especially at an event termed Zone NP12. Nannofossil diversity drastically reduced during the Oligocene but flourished again during the Miocene to Pliocene., folloed by a significant reduction in diversity during the Pleistocene.
Brief Research History of Nannofossils
Taxonomic investigation was pioneered by Ehrenberg (1856) first discovered nannofossil, but their organic nature was proved by Wallich (1877). A comprehensive taxonomic study of nannofossils was published by Lohman (1902), supplemented by additional published research between 1920’s and 1850’s by Kamptner and Deflandre (references required) . The application of nannofossil to biostratigraphy was pioneered by Bramlette & Riedel (1954), Stradner (1959, 1961), Bramlette & Sullivan (1961), Bramlette & Wilcoxon (1967), Hay & Mohler (1967), Hay et. al.(1967), Gartner (1969). Numerous taxonomic and biostratigraphic papers were published in the 1970’s by Perch-Nielsen, Bukry and Reinhardt. In the 1970’s, the widely usedCenozoic zonation scheme by Martini (1971) and the Cretaceous zonation scheme by Sissingh (1977) were published.
Bramlette, M.N. & Riedel, W.R. 1954. Stratigraphic value of discoasters and some other microfossils related to Recent coccolithophores. Journal of Paleontology, 28: 385-403.
Bramlette, M.N. & Sullivan, F.R. 1961. Coccolithophorids and related Nannoplankton of the early Tertiary in California. Micropaleontology,7: 129-188.
Bramlette, M.N., and Wilcoxon, J.A., 1967. Middle Tertiary calcareous nannoplankton of the Cipero Section, Trinidad, W.I. Tulane Stud. Geol,5:93-132.
Ehrenberg, C. C. 1836. Bemerkungen uber feste mikroskopische, anorganische Formen in den erdigen und derben Mineralien. Ber. Disch. Akad. Wiss., 1836: 84-5
Gartner, S., 1969. Correlation of Neogene planktonic foraminifer and calcareous nannofossils zones. Trans. Gulf Coast Assoc. Geol. Soc.,19:585– 599.
Hay, W.W. & Mohler, H.P. 1967. Calcareous nannoplankton from early Tertiary rocks at Pont Labau, France, and Paleocene-Eocene correlations. Journal of Paleontology, 41: 1505-1541.
Hay, W.W., Mohler, H.P., Roth, P.H., Schmidt, R.R. & Boudreaux, J.E. 1967. Calcareous nannoplankton Zonation of the Cenozoic of the Gulf Coast and Caribbean-Antillean area, and transoceanic correlation. Transactions of the Gulf Coast Association of Geological Societies, 17: 428-480.Stradner (1959)
Lohmann, H., 1902. Die Coccolithophoridae, eine mongraphie der Coccolithen bildenden Flagellaten, zugleich ein Beitrag zur Kenntnis des Mittelmeer auftriebs. Arch. Protistenkd., 1:89-165.
Martini, E., 1971. Standard Tertiary and Quaternary calcareous nannoplankton zonation. In Farinacci, A. (Ed.), Proc. 2nd Int. Conf. Planktonic Microfossils Roma: Rome (Ed. Tecnosci.), 2:739-785.
Sissingh, W. 1977. Biostratigraphy of Cretaceous calcareous nannoplankton. Geologie en Mijnbouw 56, 37–65.
Stradner, H. 1959. Die fossilen Discoasteriden Osterreichs. II. Teil. Erdoël-Zeitschrift, 75: 472-488.
Stradner, H., 1961. Vorkommen von Nannofossilien I’m Mesozoikum und Alttertiar. Erdoël-Zeitschrift, 77: 77-88.
Wallich, G.C., 1877. Observations on the coccosphere. Ann. Mag. Natural History (Ser. 4) 19, 342–350.
Brief Comment on Coccolith Ecology and Distribution
Living coccoliths have a widespread marine distribution, living mainly in the photic zone and being most diverse at low latitudes. Their abundance and diversity increase with increasing water depth and distance to shore. Physical parameters affecting the distribution of coccoliths include depth of water, hydraulic energy, turbidity, temperature, salinity, calcium, magnesium, strontium, iron, light, photoperiod, oxygen, nitrogen, vitamins and heterotrophy.